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Copyright 2024 Skeema LLC and the Skeema Knownhosts authors
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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# knownhosts: enhanced Golang SSH known_hosts management
[![build status](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/skeema/knownhosts/tests.yml?branch=main)](https://github.com/skeema/knownhosts/actions)
[![godoc](https://img.shields.io/badge/godoc-reference-blue.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/skeema/knownhosts)
> This repo is brought to you by [Skeema](https://github.com/skeema/skeema), a
> declarative pure-SQL schema management system for MySQL and MariaDB. Our
> premium products include extensive [SSH tunnel](https://www.skeema.io/docs/options/#ssh)
> functionality, which internally makes use of this package.
Go provides excellent functionality for OpenSSH known_hosts files in its
external package [golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts).
However, that package is somewhat low-level, making it difficult to implement full known_hosts management similar to command-line `ssh`'s behavior for `StrictHostKeyChecking=no` configuration.
This repo ([github.com/skeema/knownhosts](https://github.com/skeema/knownhosts)) is a thin wrapper package around [golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts), adding the following functionality:
* Look up known_hosts public keys for any given host
* Auto-populate ssh.ClientConfig.HostKeyAlgorithms easily based on known_hosts, providing a solution for [golang/go#29286](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/29286)
* Write new known_hosts entries to an io.Writer
* Properly format/normalize new known_hosts entries containing ipv6 addresses, providing a solution for [golang/go#53463](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/53463)
* Determine if an ssh.HostKeyCallback's error corresponds to a host whose key has changed (indicating potential MitM attack) vs a host that just isn't known yet
## How host key lookup works
Although [golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts) doesn't directly expose a way to query its known_host map, we use a subtle trick to do so: invoke the HostKeyCallback with a valid host but a bogus key. The resulting KeyError allows us to determine which public keys are actually present for that host.
By using this technique, [github.com/skeema/knownhosts](https://github.com/skeema/knownhosts) doesn't need to duplicate or re-implement any of the actual known_hosts management from [golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts).
## Populating ssh.ClientConfig.HostKeyAlgorithms based on known_hosts
Hosts often have multiple public keys, each of a different type (algorithm). This can be [problematic](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/29286) in [golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts): if a host's first public key is *not* in known_hosts, but a key of a different type *is*, the HostKeyCallback returns an error. The solution is to populate `ssh.ClientConfig.HostKeyAlgorithms` based on the algorithms of the known_hosts entries for that host, but
[golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts)
does not provide an obvious way to do so.
This package uses its host key lookup trick in order to make ssh.ClientConfig.HostKeyAlgorithms easy to populate:
```golang
import (
"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
"github.com/skeema/knownhosts"
)
func sshConfigForHost(hostWithPort string) (*ssh.ClientConfig, error) {
kh, err := knownhosts.New("/home/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts")
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
config := &ssh.ClientConfig{
User: "myuser",
Auth: []ssh.AuthMethod{ /* ... */ },
HostKeyCallback: kh.HostKeyCallback(), // or, equivalently, use ssh.HostKeyCallback(kh)
HostKeyAlgorithms: kh.HostKeyAlgorithms(hostWithPort),
}
return config, nil
}
```
## Writing new known_hosts entries
If you wish to mimic the behavior of OpenSSH's `StrictHostKeyChecking=no` or `StrictHostKeyChecking=ask`, this package provides a few functions to simplify this task. For example:
```golang
sshHost := "yourserver.com:22"
khPath := "/home/myuser/.ssh/known_hosts"
kh, err := knownhosts.New(khPath)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Failed to read known_hosts: ", err)
}
// Create a custom permissive hostkey callback which still errors on hosts
// with changed keys, but allows unknown hosts and adds them to known_hosts
cb := ssh.HostKeyCallback(func(hostname string, remote net.Addr, key ssh.PublicKey) error {
err := kh(hostname, remote, key)
if knownhosts.IsHostKeyChanged(err) {
return fmt.Errorf("REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED for host %s! This may indicate a MitM attack.", hostname)
} else if knownhosts.IsHostUnknown(err) {
f, ferr := os.OpenFile(khPath, os.O_APPEND|os.O_WRONLY, 0600)
if ferr == nil {
defer f.Close()
ferr = knownhosts.WriteKnownHost(f, hostname, remote, key)
}
if ferr == nil {
log.Printf("Added host %s to known_hosts\n", hostname)
} else {
log.Printf("Failed to add host %s to known_hosts: %v\n", hostname, ferr)
}
return nil // permit previously-unknown hosts (warning: may be insecure)
}
return err
})
config := &ssh.ClientConfig{
User: "myuser",
Auth: []ssh.AuthMethod{ /* ... */ },
HostKeyCallback: cb,
HostKeyAlgorithms: kh.HostKeyAlgorithms(sshHost),
}
```
## License
**Source code copyright 2024 Skeema LLC and the Skeema Knownhosts authors**
```text
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
```

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// Package knownhosts is a thin wrapper around golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts,
// adding the ability to obtain the list of host key algorithms for a known host.
package knownhosts
import (
"encoding/base64"
"errors"
"fmt"
"io"
"net"
"sort"
"strings"
"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
xknownhosts "golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts"
)
// HostKeyCallback wraps ssh.HostKeyCallback with an additional method to
// perform host key algorithm lookups from the known_hosts entries.
type HostKeyCallback ssh.HostKeyCallback
// New creates a host key callback from the given OpenSSH host key files. The
// returned value may be used in ssh.ClientConfig.HostKeyCallback by casting it
// to ssh.HostKeyCallback, or using its HostKeyCallback method. Otherwise, it
// operates the same as the New function in golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts.
func New(files ...string) (HostKeyCallback, error) {
cb, err := xknownhosts.New(files...)
return HostKeyCallback(cb), err
}
// HostKeyCallback simply casts the receiver back to ssh.HostKeyCallback, for
// use in ssh.ClientConfig.HostKeyCallback.
func (hkcb HostKeyCallback) HostKeyCallback() ssh.HostKeyCallback {
return ssh.HostKeyCallback(hkcb)
}
// HostKeys returns a slice of known host public keys for the supplied host:port
// found in the known_hosts file(s), or an empty slice if the host is not
// already known. For hosts that have multiple known_hosts entries (for
// different key types), the result will be sorted by known_hosts filename and
// line number.
func (hkcb HostKeyCallback) HostKeys(hostWithPort string) (keys []ssh.PublicKey) {
var keyErr *xknownhosts.KeyError
placeholderAddr := &net.TCPAddr{IP: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0}}
placeholderPubKey := &fakePublicKey{}
var kkeys []xknownhosts.KnownKey
if hkcbErr := hkcb(hostWithPort, placeholderAddr, placeholderPubKey); errors.As(hkcbErr, &keyErr) {
kkeys = append(kkeys, keyErr.Want...)
knownKeyLess := func(i, j int) bool {
if kkeys[i].Filename < kkeys[j].Filename {
return true
}
return (kkeys[i].Filename == kkeys[j].Filename && kkeys[i].Line < kkeys[j].Line)
}
sort.Slice(kkeys, knownKeyLess)
keys = make([]ssh.PublicKey, len(kkeys))
for n := range kkeys {
keys[n] = kkeys[n].Key
}
}
return keys
}
// HostKeyAlgorithms returns a slice of host key algorithms for the supplied
// host:port found in the known_hosts file(s), or an empty slice if the host
// is not already known. The result may be used in ssh.ClientConfig's
// HostKeyAlgorithms field, either as-is or after filtering (if you wish to
// ignore or prefer particular algorithms). For hosts that have multiple
// known_hosts entries (for different key types), the result will be sorted by
// known_hosts filename and line number.
func (hkcb HostKeyCallback) HostKeyAlgorithms(hostWithPort string) (algos []string) {
// We ensure that algos never contains duplicates. This is done for robustness
// even though currently golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts never exposes
// multiple keys of the same type. This way our behavior here is unaffected
// even if https://github.com/golang/go/issues/28870 is implemented, for
// example by https://github.com/golang/crypto/pull/254.
hostKeys := hkcb.HostKeys(hostWithPort)
seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(hostKeys))
addAlgo := func(typ string) {
if _, already := seen[typ]; !already {
algos = append(algos, typ)
seen[typ] = struct{}{}
}
}
for _, key := range hostKeys {
typ := key.Type()
if typ == ssh.KeyAlgoRSA {
// KeyAlgoRSASHA256 and KeyAlgoRSASHA512 are only public key algorithms,
// not public key formats, so they can't appear as a PublicKey.Type.
// The corresponding PublicKey.Type is KeyAlgoRSA. See RFC 8332, Section 2.
addAlgo(ssh.KeyAlgoRSASHA512)
addAlgo(ssh.KeyAlgoRSASHA256)
}
addAlgo(typ)
}
return algos
}
// HostKeyAlgorithms is a convenience function for performing host key algorithm
// lookups on an ssh.HostKeyCallback directly. It is intended for use in code
// paths that stay with the New method of golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/knownhosts
// rather than this package's New method.
func HostKeyAlgorithms(cb ssh.HostKeyCallback, hostWithPort string) []string {
return HostKeyCallback(cb).HostKeyAlgorithms(hostWithPort)
}
// IsHostKeyChanged returns a boolean indicating whether the error indicates
// the host key has changed. It is intended to be called on the error returned
// from invoking a HostKeyCallback to check whether an SSH host is known.
func IsHostKeyChanged(err error) bool {
var keyErr *xknownhosts.KeyError
return errors.As(err, &keyErr) && len(keyErr.Want) > 0
}
// IsHostUnknown returns a boolean indicating whether the error represents an
// unknown host. It is intended to be called on the error returned from invoking
// a HostKeyCallback to check whether an SSH host is known.
func IsHostUnknown(err error) bool {
var keyErr *xknownhosts.KeyError
return errors.As(err, &keyErr) && len(keyErr.Want) == 0
}
// Normalize normalizes an address into the form used in known_hosts. This
// implementation includes a fix for https://github.com/golang/go/issues/53463
// and will omit brackets around ipv6 addresses on standard port 22.
func Normalize(address string) string {
host, port, err := net.SplitHostPort(address)
if err != nil {
host = address
port = "22"
}
entry := host
if port != "22" {
entry = "[" + entry + "]:" + port
} else if strings.HasPrefix(host, "[") && strings.HasSuffix(host, "]") {
entry = entry[1 : len(entry)-1]
}
return entry
}
// Line returns a line to append to the known_hosts files. This implementation
// uses the local patched implementation of Normalize in order to solve
// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/53463.
func Line(addresses []string, key ssh.PublicKey) string {
var trimmed []string
for _, a := range addresses {
trimmed = append(trimmed, Normalize(a))
}
return strings.Join([]string{
strings.Join(trimmed, ","),
key.Type(),
base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(key.Marshal()),
}, " ")
}
// WriteKnownHost writes a known_hosts line to writer for the supplied hostname,
// remote, and key. This is useful when writing a custom hostkey callback which
// wraps a callback obtained from knownhosts.New to provide additional
// known_hosts management functionality. The hostname, remote, and key typically
// correspond to the callback's args.
func WriteKnownHost(w io.Writer, hostname string, remote net.Addr, key ssh.PublicKey) error {
// Always include hostname; only also include remote if it isn't a zero value
// and doesn't normalize to the same string as hostname.
hostnameNormalized := Normalize(hostname)
if strings.ContainsAny(hostnameNormalized, "\t ") {
return fmt.Errorf("knownhosts: hostname '%s' contains spaces", hostnameNormalized)
}
addresses := []string{hostnameNormalized}
remoteStrNormalized := Normalize(remote.String())
if remoteStrNormalized != "[0.0.0.0]:0" && remoteStrNormalized != hostnameNormalized &&
!strings.ContainsAny(remoteStrNormalized, "\t ") {
addresses = append(addresses, remoteStrNormalized)
}
line := Line(addresses, key) + "\n"
_, err := w.Write([]byte(line))
return err
}
// fakePublicKey is used as part of the work-around for
// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/29286
type fakePublicKey struct{}
func (fakePublicKey) Type() string {
return "fake-public-key"
}
func (fakePublicKey) Marshal() []byte {
return []byte("fake public key")
}
func (fakePublicKey) Verify(_ []byte, _ *ssh.Signature) error {
return errors.New("Verify called on placeholder key")
}