Merge logs/multilogs and avoid multitail external #56
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
|
|||||||
# abra x.x.x (UNRELEASED)
|
# abra x.x.x (UNRELEASED)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Drop `multilogs` command ([#56](https://git.autonomic.zone/coop-cloud/abra/pulls/56))
|
||||||
- Remove `server use` command ([#51](https://git.autonomic.zone/coop-cloud/abra/issues/51))
|
- Remove `server use` command ([#51](https://git.autonomic.zone/coop-cloud/abra/issues/51))
|
||||||
- `new <app>` becomes `new <type>` ([#48](https://git.autonomic.zone/coop-cloud/abra/issues/48))
|
- `new <app>` becomes `new <type>` ([#48](https://git.autonomic.zone/coop-cloud/abra/issues/48))
|
||||||
- `check` is run on `deploy` now and configurable ([77ba5652b2fe15820f5edfa0f642636f7b8eae7e](https://git.autonomic.zone/coop-cloud/abra/commit/77ba5652b2fe15820f5edfa0f642636f7b8eae7e))
|
- `check` is run on `deploy` now and configurable ([77ba5652b2fe15820f5edfa0f642636f7b8eae7e](https://git.autonomic.zone/coop-cloud/abra/commit/77ba5652b2fe15820f5edfa0f642636f7b8eae7e))
|
||||||
|
167
abra
167
abra
@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ Usage:
|
|||||||
abra [options] app <domain> config
|
abra [options] app <domain> config
|
||||||
abra [options] app <domain> (delete|rm) [--force]
|
abra [options] app <domain> (delete|rm) [--force]
|
||||||
abra [options] app <domain> logs [<service>]
|
abra [options] app <domain> logs [<service>]
|
||||||
abra [options] app <domain> multilogs
|
|
||||||
abra [options] app <domain> cp <src> <dst>
|
abra [options] app <domain> cp <src> <dst>
|
||||||
abra [options] app <domain> check
|
abra [options] app <domain> check
|
||||||
abra [options] app <domain> ps
|
abra [options] app <domain> ps
|
||||||
@ -144,13 +143,13 @@ eval "var_$1+=($value)"; else eval "var_$1=$value"; fi; return 0; fi; done
|
|||||||
return 1; }; stdout() { printf -- "cat <<'EOM'\n%s\nEOM\n" "$1"; }; stderr() {
|
return 1; }; stdout() { printf -- "cat <<'EOM'\n%s\nEOM\n" "$1"; }; stderr() {
|
||||||
printf -- "cat <<'EOM' >&2\n%s\nEOM\n" "$1"; }; error() {
|
printf -- "cat <<'EOM' >&2\n%s\nEOM\n" "$1"; }; error() {
|
||||||
[[ -n $1 ]] && stderr "$1"; stderr "$usage"; _return 1; }; _return() {
|
[[ -n $1 ]] && stderr "$1"; stderr "$usage"; _return 1; }; _return() {
|
||||||
printf -- "exit %d\n" "$1"; exit "$1"; }; set -e; trimmed_doc=${DOC:1:1560}
|
printf -- "exit %d\n" "$1"; exit "$1"; }; set -e; trimmed_doc=${DOC:1:1520}
|
||||||
usage=${DOC:40:1252}; digest=30845
|
usage=${DOC:40:1212}; digest=7df47
|
||||||
shorts=(-s -v -e -h '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '')
|
shorts=(-e -h -v -s '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '')
|
||||||
longs=(--stack --version --env --help --server --domain --pass --auto --status --skip-check --force --no-tty --user --all)
|
longs=(--env --help --version --stack --server --domain --pass --auto --status --skip-check --force --no-tty --user --all)
|
||||||
argcounts=(1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0); node_0(){ value __stack 0; }; node_1(){
|
argcounts=(1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0); node_0(){ value __env 0; }; node_1(){
|
||||||
switch __version 1; }; node_2(){ value __env 2; }; node_3(){ switch __help 3; }
|
switch __help 1; }; node_2(){ switch __version 2; }; node_3(){ value __stack 3
|
||||||
node_4(){ value __server 4; }; node_5(){ value __domain 5; }; node_6(){
|
}; node_4(){ value __server 4; }; node_5(){ value __domain 5; }; node_6(){
|
||||||
switch __pass 6; }; node_7(){ switch __auto 7; }; node_8(){ switch __status 8; }
|
switch __pass 6; }; node_7(){ switch __auto 7; }; node_8(){ switch __status 8; }
|
||||||
node_9(){ switch __skip_check 9; }; node_10(){ switch __force 10; }; node_11(){
|
node_9(){ switch __skip_check 9; }; node_10(){ switch __force 10; }; node_11(){
|
||||||
switch __no_tty 11; }; node_12(){ value __user 12; }; node_13(){ switch __all 13
|
switch __no_tty 11; }; node_12(){ value __user 12; }; node_13(){ switch __all 13
|
||||||
@ -163,63 +162,61 @@ value _user_ a; }; node_27(){ value _port_ a; }; node_28(){ _command app; }
|
|||||||
node_29(){ _command new; }; node_30(){ _command list; }; node_31(){ _command ls
|
node_29(){ _command new; }; node_30(){ _command list; }; node_31(){ _command ls
|
||||||
}; node_32(){ _command deploy; }; node_33(){ _command undeploy; }; node_34(){
|
}; node_32(){ _command deploy; }; node_33(){ _command undeploy; }; node_34(){
|
||||||
_command config; }; node_35(){ _command delete; }; node_36(){ _command rm; }
|
_command config; }; node_35(){ _command delete; }; node_36(){ _command rm; }
|
||||||
node_37(){ _command logs; }; node_38(){ _command multilogs; }; node_39(){
|
node_37(){ _command logs; }; node_38(){ _command cp; }; node_39(){
|
||||||
_command cp; }; node_40(){ _command check; }; node_41(){ _command ps; }
|
_command check; }; node_40(){ _command ps; }; node_41(){ _command run; }
|
||||||
node_42(){ _command run; }; node_43(){ _command secret; }; node_44(){
|
node_42(){ _command secret; }; node_43(){ _command auto; }; node_44(){
|
||||||
_command auto; }; node_45(){ _command generate; }; node_46(){ _command insert; }
|
_command generate; }; node_45(){ _command insert; }; node_46(){ _command server
|
||||||
node_47(){ _command server; }; node_48(){ _command add; }; node_49(){
|
}; node_47(){ _command add; }; node_48(){ _command init; }; node_49(){
|
||||||
_command init; }; node_50(){ _command apps; }; node_51(){ _command upgrade; }
|
_command apps; }; node_50(){ _command upgrade; }; node_51(){ optional 0 1 2 3; }
|
||||||
node_52(){ optional 0 1 2 3; }; node_53(){ optional 52; }; node_54(){ optional 4
|
node_52(){ optional 51; }; node_53(){ optional 4; }; node_54(){ optional 5; }
|
||||||
}; node_55(){ optional 5; }; node_56(){ optional 6; }; node_57(){ optional 7; }
|
node_55(){ optional 6; }; node_56(){ optional 7; }; node_57(){
|
||||||
node_58(){ required 53 28 29 54 55 56 57 14; }; node_59(){ either 30 31; }
|
required 52 28 29 53 54 55 56 14; }; node_58(){ either 30 31; }; node_59(){
|
||||||
node_60(){ required 59; }; node_61(){ optional 8; }; node_62(){
|
required 58; }; node_60(){ optional 8; }; node_61(){ required 52 28 59 60 53; }
|
||||||
required 53 28 60 61 54; }; node_63(){ optional 9; }; node_64(){
|
node_62(){ optional 9; }; node_63(){ required 52 28 15 32 62; }; node_64(){
|
||||||
required 53 28 15 32 63; }; node_65(){ required 53 28 15 33; }; node_66(){
|
required 52 28 15 33; }; node_65(){ required 52 28 15 34; }; node_66(){
|
||||||
required 53 28 15 34; }; node_67(){ either 35 36; }; node_68(){ required 67; }
|
either 35 36; }; node_67(){ required 66; }; node_68(){ optional 10; }
|
||||||
node_69(){ optional 10; }; node_70(){ required 53 28 15 68 69; }; node_71(){
|
node_69(){ required 52 28 15 67 68; }; node_70(){ optional 16; }; node_71(){
|
||||||
optional 16; }; node_72(){ required 53 28 15 37 71; }; node_73(){
|
required 52 28 15 37 70; }; node_72(){ required 52 28 15 38 17 18; }; node_73(){
|
||||||
required 53 28 15 38; }; node_74(){ required 53 28 15 39 17 18; }; node_75(){
|
required 52 28 15 39; }; node_74(){ required 52 28 15 40; }; node_75(){
|
||||||
required 53 28 15 40; }; node_76(){ required 53 28 15 41; }; node_77(){
|
optional 11; }; node_76(){ optional 12; }; node_77(){ oneormore 19; }
|
||||||
optional 11; }; node_78(){ optional 12; }; node_79(){ oneormore 19; }
|
node_78(){ required 52 28 15 41 75 76 16 77; }; node_79(){
|
||||||
node_80(){ required 53 28 15 42 77 78 16 79; }; node_81(){
|
required 52 28 15 41 16 77; }; node_80(){ required 52 28 15 42 43 55; }
|
||||||
required 53 28 15 42 16 79; }; node_82(){ required 53 28 15 43 44 56; }
|
node_81(){ optional 22; }; node_82(){ required 52 28 15 42 44 20 21 81 55; }
|
||||||
node_83(){ optional 22; }; node_84(){ required 53 28 15 43 45 20 21 83 56; }
|
node_83(){ required 52 28 15 42 45 20 21 23 55; }; node_84(){ either 20 13; }
|
||||||
node_85(){ required 53 28 15 43 46 20 21 23 56; }; node_86(){ either 20 13; }
|
node_85(){ required 84; }; node_86(){ required 52 28 15 42 67 85 55 68; }
|
||||||
node_87(){ required 86; }; node_88(){ required 53 28 15 43 68 87 56 69; }
|
node_87(){ optional 77; }; node_88(){ required 52 28 15 24 87; }; node_89(){
|
||||||
node_89(){ optional 79; }; node_90(){ required 53 28 15 24 89; }; node_91(){
|
optional 26; }; node_90(){ optional 27; }; node_91(){ required 52 46 47 25 89 90
|
||||||
optional 26; }; node_92(){ optional 27; }; node_93(){ required 53 47 48 25 91 92
|
}; node_92(){ required 52 46 59; }; node_93(){ required 52 46 25 36; }
|
||||||
}; node_94(){ required 53 47 60; }; node_95(){ required 53 47 25 36; }
|
node_94(){ required 52 46 25 48; }; node_95(){ required 52 46 25 49 60; }
|
||||||
node_96(){ required 53 47 25 49; }; node_97(){ required 53 47 25 50 61; }
|
node_96(){ required 52 50; }; node_97(){
|
||||||
node_98(){ required 53 51; }; node_99(){
|
either 57 61 63 64 65 69 71 72 73 74 78 79 80 82 83 86 88 91 92 93 94 95 96; }
|
||||||
either 58 62 64 65 66 70 72 73 74 75 76 80 81 82 84 85 88 90 93 94 95 96 97 98
|
node_98(){ required 97; }; cat <<<' docopt_exit() {
|
||||||
}; node_100(){ required 99; }; cat <<<' docopt_exit() {
|
[[ -n $1 ]] && printf "%s\n" "$1" >&2; printf "%s\n" "${DOC:40:1212}" >&2
|
||||||
[[ -n $1 ]] && printf "%s\n" "$1" >&2; printf "%s\n" "${DOC:40:1252}" >&2
|
exit 1; }'; unset var___env var___help var___version var___stack var___server \
|
||||||
exit 1; }'; unset var___stack var___version var___env var___help var___server \
|
|
||||||
var___domain var___pass var___auto var___status var___skip_check var___force \
|
var___domain var___pass var___auto var___status var___skip_check var___force \
|
||||||
var___no_tty var___user var___all var__type_ var__domain_ var__service_ \
|
var___no_tty var___user var___all var__type_ var__domain_ var__service_ \
|
||||||
var__src_ var__dst_ var__args_ var__secret_ var__version_ var__cmd_ var__data_ \
|
var__src_ var__dst_ var__args_ var__secret_ var__version_ var__cmd_ var__data_ \
|
||||||
var__command_ var__host_ var__user_ var__port_ var_app var_new var_list var_ls \
|
var__command_ var__host_ var__user_ var__port_ var_app var_new var_list var_ls \
|
||||||
var_deploy var_undeploy var_config var_delete var_rm var_logs var_multilogs \
|
var_deploy var_undeploy var_config var_delete var_rm var_logs var_cp var_check \
|
||||||
var_cp var_check var_ps var_run var_secret var_auto var_generate var_insert \
|
var_ps var_run var_secret var_auto var_generate var_insert var_server var_add \
|
||||||
var_server var_add var_init var_apps var_upgrade; parse 100 "$@"
|
var_init var_apps var_upgrade; parse 98 "$@"; local prefix=${DOCOPT_PREFIX:-''}
|
||||||
local prefix=${DOCOPT_PREFIX:-''}; unset "${prefix}__stack" \
|
unset "${prefix}__env" "${prefix}__help" "${prefix}__version" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}__version" "${prefix}__env" "${prefix}__help" "${prefix}__server" \
|
"${prefix}__stack" "${prefix}__server" "${prefix}__domain" "${prefix}__pass" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}__domain" "${prefix}__pass" "${prefix}__auto" "${prefix}__status" \
|
"${prefix}__auto" "${prefix}__status" "${prefix}__skip_check" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}__skip_check" "${prefix}__force" "${prefix}__no_tty" \
|
"${prefix}__force" "${prefix}__no_tty" "${prefix}__user" "${prefix}__all" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}__user" "${prefix}__all" "${prefix}_type_" "${prefix}_domain_" \
|
"${prefix}_type_" "${prefix}_domain_" "${prefix}_service_" "${prefix}_src_" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}_service_" "${prefix}_src_" "${prefix}_dst_" "${prefix}_args_" \
|
"${prefix}_dst_" "${prefix}_args_" "${prefix}_secret_" "${prefix}_version_" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}_secret_" "${prefix}_version_" "${prefix}_cmd_" "${prefix}_data_" \
|
"${prefix}_cmd_" "${prefix}_data_" "${prefix}_command_" "${prefix}_host_" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}_command_" "${prefix}_host_" "${prefix}_user_" "${prefix}_port_" \
|
"${prefix}_user_" "${prefix}_port_" "${prefix}app" "${prefix}new" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}app" "${prefix}new" "${prefix}list" "${prefix}ls" "${prefix}deploy" \
|
"${prefix}list" "${prefix}ls" "${prefix}deploy" "${prefix}undeploy" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}undeploy" "${prefix}config" "${prefix}delete" "${prefix}rm" \
|
"${prefix}config" "${prefix}delete" "${prefix}rm" "${prefix}logs" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}logs" "${prefix}multilogs" "${prefix}cp" "${prefix}check" \
|
"${prefix}cp" "${prefix}check" "${prefix}ps" "${prefix}run" "${prefix}secret" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}ps" "${prefix}run" "${prefix}secret" "${prefix}auto" \
|
"${prefix}auto" "${prefix}generate" "${prefix}insert" "${prefix}server" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}generate" "${prefix}insert" "${prefix}server" "${prefix}add" \
|
"${prefix}add" "${prefix}init" "${prefix}apps" "${prefix}upgrade"
|
||||||
"${prefix}init" "${prefix}apps" "${prefix}upgrade"
|
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'__stack=${var___stack:-}'
|
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'__version=${var___version:-false}'
|
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'__env=${var___env:-}'
|
eval "${prefix}"'__env=${var___env:-}'
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'__help=${var___help:-false}'
|
eval "${prefix}"'__help=${var___help:-false}'
|
||||||
|
eval "${prefix}"'__version=${var___version:-false}'
|
||||||
|
eval "${prefix}"'__stack=${var___stack:-}'
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'__server=${var___server:-}'
|
eval "${prefix}"'__server=${var___server:-}'
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'__domain=${var___domain:-}'
|
eval "${prefix}"'__domain=${var___domain:-}'
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'__pass=${var___pass:-false}'
|
eval "${prefix}"'__pass=${var___pass:-false}'
|
||||||
@ -250,7 +247,6 @@ eval "${prefix}"'undeploy=${var_undeploy:-false}'
|
|||||||
eval "${prefix}"'config=${var_config:-false}'
|
eval "${prefix}"'config=${var_config:-false}'
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'delete=${var_delete:-false}'
|
eval "${prefix}"'delete=${var_delete:-false}'
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'rm=${var_rm:-false}'; eval "${prefix}"'logs=${var_logs:-false}'
|
eval "${prefix}"'rm=${var_rm:-false}'; eval "${prefix}"'logs=${var_logs:-false}'
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'multilogs=${var_multilogs:-false}'
|
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'cp=${var_cp:-false}'
|
eval "${prefix}"'cp=${var_cp:-false}'
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'check=${var_check:-false}'
|
eval "${prefix}"'check=${var_check:-false}'
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'ps=${var_ps:-false}'; eval "${prefix}"'run=${var_run:-false}'
|
eval "${prefix}"'ps=${var_ps:-false}'; eval "${prefix}"'run=${var_run:-false}'
|
||||||
@ -264,8 +260,8 @@ eval "${prefix}"'init=${var_init:-false}'
|
|||||||
eval "${prefix}"'apps=${var_apps:-false}'
|
eval "${prefix}"'apps=${var_apps:-false}'
|
||||||
eval "${prefix}"'upgrade=${var_upgrade:-false}'; local docopt_i=1
|
eval "${prefix}"'upgrade=${var_upgrade:-false}'; local docopt_i=1
|
||||||
[[ $BASH_VERSION =~ ^4.3 ]] && docopt_i=2; for ((;docopt_i>0;docopt_i--)); do
|
[[ $BASH_VERSION =~ ^4.3 ]] && docopt_i=2; for ((;docopt_i>0;docopt_i--)); do
|
||||||
declare -p "${prefix}__stack" "${prefix}__version" "${prefix}__env" \
|
declare -p "${prefix}__env" "${prefix}__help" "${prefix}__version" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}__help" "${prefix}__server" "${prefix}__domain" "${prefix}__pass" \
|
"${prefix}__stack" "${prefix}__server" "${prefix}__domain" "${prefix}__pass" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}__auto" "${prefix}__status" "${prefix}__skip_check" \
|
"${prefix}__auto" "${prefix}__status" "${prefix}__skip_check" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}__force" "${prefix}__no_tty" "${prefix}__user" "${prefix}__all" \
|
"${prefix}__force" "${prefix}__no_tty" "${prefix}__user" "${prefix}__all" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}_type_" "${prefix}_domain_" "${prefix}_service_" "${prefix}_src_" \
|
"${prefix}_type_" "${prefix}_domain_" "${prefix}_service_" "${prefix}_src_" \
|
||||||
@ -274,10 +270,9 @@ declare -p "${prefix}__stack" "${prefix}__version" "${prefix}__env" \
|
|||||||
"${prefix}_user_" "${prefix}_port_" "${prefix}app" "${prefix}new" \
|
"${prefix}_user_" "${prefix}_port_" "${prefix}app" "${prefix}new" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}list" "${prefix}ls" "${prefix}deploy" "${prefix}undeploy" \
|
"${prefix}list" "${prefix}ls" "${prefix}deploy" "${prefix}undeploy" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}config" "${prefix}delete" "${prefix}rm" "${prefix}logs" \
|
"${prefix}config" "${prefix}delete" "${prefix}rm" "${prefix}logs" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}multilogs" "${prefix}cp" "${prefix}check" "${prefix}ps" \
|
"${prefix}cp" "${prefix}check" "${prefix}ps" "${prefix}run" "${prefix}secret" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}run" "${prefix}secret" "${prefix}auto" "${prefix}generate" \
|
"${prefix}auto" "${prefix}generate" "${prefix}insert" "${prefix}server" \
|
||||||
"${prefix}insert" "${prefix}server" "${prefix}add" "${prefix}init" \
|
"${prefix}add" "${prefix}init" "${prefix}apps" "${prefix}upgrade"; done; }
|
||||||
"${prefix}apps" "${prefix}upgrade"; done; }
|
|
||||||
# docopt parser above, complete command for generating this parser is `docopt.sh abra`
|
# docopt parser above, complete command for generating this parser is `docopt.sh abra`
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
PROGRAM_NAME=$(basename "$0")
|
PROGRAM_NAME=$(basename "$0")
|
||||||
@ -457,6 +452,22 @@ parse_secret() {
|
|||||||
sub_app_secret_generate
|
sub_app_secret_generate
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
stack_logs (){
|
||||||
|
# Note(decentral1se): see https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/31458#issuecomment-617871046
|
||||||
|
STACK="$1"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
services=$(docker stack services "${STACK}" --format "{{.ID}}")
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# shellcheck disable=SC2154
|
||||||
|
trap 'jobs=$(jobs -p) && test -n "$jobs" && kill $jobs' EXIT
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
for item in ${services//\\n/$'\n'}; do
|
||||||
|
docker service logs -f -t --tail 10 "$item" &
|
||||||
|
done
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
sleep infinity
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#######################################
|
#######################################
|
||||||
# abra app ..
|
# abra app ..
|
||||||
#######################################
|
#######################################
|
||||||
@ -837,27 +848,6 @@ sub_app_run(){
|
|||||||
return
|
return
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
###### .. app <domain> multilogs
|
|
||||||
sub_app_multilogs() {
|
|
||||||
# Inspired by https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/31458#issuecomment-475411564
|
|
||||||
require_multitail
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
load_instance
|
|
||||||
load_instance_env
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Get a list of the service names
|
|
||||||
SERVICES=$(docker stack services --format "{{.Name}}" "${STACK_NAME}")
|
|
||||||
# Sort the service names
|
|
||||||
SERVICES=$(echo "${SERVICES}" | sort)
|
|
||||||
# Create the command to run
|
|
||||||
COMMAND='multitail --mergeall'
|
|
||||||
for SERVICE in ${SERVICES}; do
|
|
||||||
COMMAND="${COMMAND} -L 'docker service logs --tail 20 -f ${SERVICE}'"
|
|
||||||
done
|
|
||||||
# Run the command
|
|
||||||
bash -c "${COMMAND}"
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
###### .. app <domain> logs <service> <args>...
|
###### .. app <domain> logs <service> <args>...
|
||||||
sub_app_logs (){
|
sub_app_logs (){
|
||||||
load_instance
|
load_instance
|
||||||
@ -866,8 +856,7 @@ sub_app_logs (){
|
|||||||
SERVICE="${abra__service_}"
|
SERVICE="${abra__service_}"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if [ -z "$SERVICE" ]; then
|
if [ -z "$SERVICE" ]; then
|
||||||
warning "No \$SERVICE provided, running multilogs"
|
stack_logs "${STACK_NAME}"
|
||||||
sub_app_multilogs
|
|
||||||
return
|
return
|
||||||
fi
|
fi
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Reference in New Issue
Block a user